When Judy's professor failed to recognize several times that Judy had her hand raised to answer a question, Judy began to think the professor disliked her. Later, Judy learned that the professor had a visual disability that would have made it impossible for him to see her raised hand. Even so, Judy continued to think that the professor probably disliked her. Judy's tendency to cling to her views in the face of contradictory evidence best illustrates: