After a terrible accident in which a spike went through his brain, Phineas Gage had severe damage to his brain, including his frontal lobe. As a result, the injury's that were reported had effects on his personality and behavior over the remaining 12 years of his life—effects sufficiently profound that friends saw him (for a time at least) as "no longer Gage".
Who was Phineas Gage?
An iron rod that pierced his skull and demolished the majority of his left frontal lobe caused the American railroad foreman, Phineas Gage to sustain a traumatic brain injury, yet he recovered.
Little is known about Phineas Gage's early life other than the fact that he was raised on a family farm in New Hampshire and was born into a farming family. At some point, he started working on railroad construction and was hired by contractors who were employed by the Rutland and Burlington Railroad firm. To level the land, one of Phineas Gage's tasks was to remove rocks. Drilling a hole deep into the rock was required to place an explosive charge there.
A fuse was set after the gunpowder was added to the hole. The explosive substance was covered with sand to avoid contact. After that, the explosives were buried in the rock using a tamping rod. Gage pressed down on the powder without adding sand on the evening of Sept. 13, 1848, close to Cavendish, Vermont.
The gunpowder was ignited when his tamping rod, which was 1.25 inches in diameter and 3.58 feet (approximately 1 metre) long, contacted the rock's side. The rod passed straight through Gage's skull and fell nearly 82 feet (25 metres) behind him. Just behind Phineas Gage's left cheekbone, the 13.25-pound (6-kg) rod was inserted, and it came out of his skull at the top.
What is a frontal lobe?
Right behind the forehead is where the frontal lobes are situated. The frontal lobes are also the largest in the human brain as well as the most frequently damaged area in traumatic brain injury.
The management of better cognitive executive functions as well as voluntary movement and expressive language depend on the frontal lobes. Executive functions are a group of cognitive abilities that include the ability to organize, plan, take the initiative, self-regulate, and manage one's actions in order to accomplish a task.
Our personality is thought to be controlled by the frontal lobes, which are also the location of our behavior and emotions. There is no other brain region where lesions have the potential to produce such a broad range of symptoms.
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