The states in Africa developed and changed over time, due to their constant interactions through intra-trades, artworks, intertribal politics and war, and the trading activities with the Europeans and the Arab world.
This is evident as African state systems have demonstrated continuity, innovation, variety, and broadened in magnitude and scope. For example, the Great Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, and Yoruba kingdoms.
The causes of political decentralization in Europe from 1200 to 1450 is attributed to the politically fragmented situation of the Europeans which is fueled by constant wars between different tribes and kingdoms.
Also, the consequences of political decentralization are shown through the decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system which occupied Europe until the Enlightenment period brought the idea of democracy.
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