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The Ottoman Empire was one of the biggest and strongest empires in history, however, the identity of them being a military superpower was slowly fading away. The reasons behind this were social factors such as religious leaders not supporting the Ottoman Empire’s goals, the Ottoman Empire’s weakening economy as they failed to compete with other countries' economies, and also the decline of Ottoman armed forces led to them constantly losing battles and territories. It can be said that the most significant reason for the decline of the Ottoman Empire was the Ottoman’s military decline because their armed forces are what made them famous and well known so without the abundant level of armed forces they were not seen as powerful country. On the other hand, the weakening economy and the lack of support from religious leaders also contributed to the constant decline of the Ottoman Empire.
1. Economic Difficulties
The economy of the Ottoman Empire suffered significantly after European powers began trading with East Asia and the East Indies by sea rather than through Ottoman-controlled land routes. As revenues declined, the empire responded in part by increasing taxes or resorting to confiscations, which only worsened the situation.
2. Reforms and Resistance
Ottoman sultans attempted to rescue the empire through a series of reforms intended to modernize the state. The most important of these were the Tanzimat reforms, introduced between 1839 and 1876. The sultans increasingly centralized control of the state as reforms were made in the areas of finance, administration, justice, education, and the military.
3. Young Turk Revolution
Spearheaded by college students and discontented military officers, the Young Turks led a revolution against the authoritarian regime of sultan Abdülhamid II. The group succeeded in 1908 in forcing Abdülhamid to restore the 1876 constitution. The Young Turks deposed the sultan the following year. After their rise to power, the group promoted a new spirit of Turkish nationalism.
4. World War I
The empire did not initially have a significant interest in the outcome of World War I. The Young Turk government largely preferred to stay neutral. But after Germany appeared poised for victory in the early months of the war, opportunists in the government, such as Enver Paşa, believed that supporting the German war effort would be beneficial to the ailing empire.
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