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Answer:
Systematic desensitization is one of the behavioral therapies which is based on the principles of classical conditioning. This involves treating phobias and substitute the response of fear with a relaxation response to the conditioned stimulus gradually using the counter conditioning process. The patient in the first phase is taught deep muscle relaxation exercise and breath exercises like meditation, muscle detensioning, etc. This step involved reciprocal inhibition, where one response is inhibited and it is incompatible with another. When a person is suffering from a phobia, they experience fear which involves tension and tension is incompatible with being relaxed.
In the second phase, the patient is helped to create a fear hierarchy starting with the stimuli which are least anxiety-producing and moving up with the most anxiety-producing stimuli.
In the third phase, patiently works his way up the fear hierarchy along with practicing his relaxation technique as he moves up. When he feels comfortable and is no longer afraid, he moves to the next stage in the hierarchy. If the patient becomes anxious again, he could return back to the earlier stage and regain his relaxed state.
The patient would repeatedly imagine the phobic situation till it falls to evoke anxiety in him
Token economies make use of operant conditioning principles of reinforcement to modify behavior. The clients are allowed to earn token which they can exchange for special perks or desired items. Parents mostly use this therapy with their children to reinforce their good behavior. Children earn tokens by being good and engaging in desirable behavior which can be used to get their favorite chocolates or toys. This is called positive reinforcement, where the likelihood of the desired behavior would be increased because it is being rewarded.
Explanation:
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One of the behavioral treatments founded on the principles of classical and operant conditioning is progressive desensitization.
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning:
Using the countering conditioning method, this entails treating phobias and progressively replacing the fear response with a muscle relaxation to the conditioned stimuli. In the first phase, the patient is taught deep muscular relaxation and breathing activities such as meditation and muscle de-tensioning.
In the second phase, the patient is assisted in creating a fear hierarchy, beginning with the least anxiety-producing stimuli and progressing to the most anxiety-producing stimuli.
As he progresses through the third phase, he gradually works his way up the fear hierarchy, practicing his relaxation method as he goes.
The patient would visualize the phobic circumstance over and again until it became a source of dread for him.
To influence behavior, token economies employ operant conditioning principles of reinforcement. Clients can earn tokens, which they can then swap for unique benefits or desired things. This treatment is usually used by parents to encourage their children's excellent conduct.
Find out more information about 'Operant conditioning'
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