Mosquito-borne diseases are those spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Diseases that are spread to people by mosquitoes include the Zika virus, West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, dengue, and malaria.
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, more than 9,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entities. The study of viruses is known as virology, a sub-specialty of microbiology.
When infected, a host cell is often forced to rapidly-produce thousands of copies of the original virus. When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, or virions, consisting of the genetic material, long molecules of DNA or RNA that encode the structure of the proteins by which the virus acts; a protein coat, the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material; and in some cases an outside envelope of lipids.
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