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(studying this for AP Bio test, feels good man)
Fossil Records: shows the large amounts of time in which simple organisms have evolved into complex organisms
Comparative anatomy: in many different types of vertebrates, many bones are similar, indicating a common ancestor in the past, these bones are homologous in different vertebrates
Comparative embryology: many embryos of developing vertebrates will look similar and develop similar structures in its respective time in the womb
Bio Geography: many fossils and creatures are found in such distant places that it is impossible for them to have migrated, only because the Earth was once a large land mass (Pangea). And many animals of the same special developed some differences to cope with the surrounding environment.
Molecular Biology: similar DNA sequences, genomes
Observed evolutionary change: changes in the alleles of a population, mutation, genetic drift, etc.
Fossil Records: shows the large amounts of time in which simple organisms have evolved into complex organisms
Comparative anatomy: in many different types of vertebrates, many bones are similar, indicating a common ancestor in the past, these bones are homologous in different vertebrates
Comparative embryology: many embryos of developing vertebrates will look similar and develop similar structures in its respective time in the womb
Bio Geography: many fossils and creatures are found in such distant places that it is impossible for them to have migrated, only because the Earth was once a large land mass (Pangea). And many animals of the same special developed some differences to cope with the surrounding environment.
Molecular Biology: similar DNA sequences, genomes
Observed evolutionary change: changes in the alleles of a population, mutation, genetic drift, etc.
Evolution can be explained through many studies, among which we can find anatomical and molecular studies, embryologic development, microevolution, fossil records, and biogeography events.
Comparative Anatomy.
Evolution can be explained by using anatomical features.
Some characters are shared by different taxa and emerge in a common ancestor. These are homologous characters.
Homologous characters are structures found in different organisms that are composed of the same basic elements.
These characters are placed in the same position in the body in all the organisms that express them, and their relationship with adjacent structures is also the same.
Even when the function these characters accomplish is not the same in all the organisms involved, they are expressed by individuals that share a common ancestor.
Comparative embryology
Many taxonomic groups share the same or similar embryological development.
In the early stages, they all express the same structures and diverge at varying points as they grow.
Homologous characters are present since the embryological stage.
Molecular biology
Making comparisons using DNA and protein sequences is a strong tool to determine evolutive relationships.
Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA can be used.
When sequences are shared by many organisms, it can be assumed that all of them share a common ancestor. Homologous genes are used to determine these relationships.
Differences and similarities between groups obtained from molecular evidence can coincide or not with morphological evidence.
- similarities reinforce the evolutive relationships
- differences provide new information about evolution.
Bio geography and Fossil record
Following the theory of continental drift and tectonic plates, many similar organisms have been found in several distant areas. These findings suggest that all of them emerged from a common ancestor.
Plant and animal fossils distribution suggests the existence of a big unique continent that split into many plates and separated. In this unique continent named Pangea, the common ancestors used to live.
Observed evolutionary changes
Refers to microevolution.
Microevolution is the change produced at a lower level than species.
In genetics, microevolution is the change in the allelic and genotypic frequencies perceptible in a few generations.
These changes are closely related to evolutive forces such as natural selection, genetic drift, and migration, that model variation among taxonomic groups. Most of them are due to mutations.
You will learn more about theory of evolution at
https://brainly.com/question/26042293
