The correct option is D.
Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was an ambitious organization of people of African descent worldwide in the late 1910s and 1920s. The movement built upon Back-to-Africa movements of the late 1800s, which encouraged people of color to look to Africa both as an ancestral homeland and a hope for a future.
The association’s founder, Jamaican-born Garvey, had come to the United States in 1916, and he took advantage of a wave of racial violence following the end of World War I to mobilize African Americans to eschew integration for black nationalist goals.
The message of racial pride, separation from white society, and emigration to the African continent distinguished the UNIA from other civil rights movements of the period
The UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION (UNIA), active in Cleveland by 1921, was a branch of an international movement founded in 1914 that stressed black pride, racial unity of AFRICAN AMERICANS, and the need to redeem Africa from white rule.
Thus, we can say that the correct option is D. Challenging discriminatory laws in court was not an action by the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).
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