Answer:
D the hydrogen ion concentration gradient across the membrane
Explanation:
gradient created by this drives hydrogen back through the membrane, through ATP synthase
Hydrogen ions flow down a concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma through ATP synthase, releasing energy that can be used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi
ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, driven by a flux of protons across a gradient generated by electron transfer from the proton chemically positive to the negative side.
At the electron transport chain, hydrogen is built up on one side of the electron transport chain and the electrons which are their way down the chain are building up on the other side. The electrons and hydrogen are attracted to each other due to their charges. These for the hydrogen flows though the gradient in the membrane to reach the elections. Once the hydrogens pass though this gradient it produces the ATP from the hydrogen
Once the hydrogens pass though this gradient it produces the ATP from the hydrogen “turning” the protein. At the end the oxygen is placed at the bottom of the electron transport chain to accept the hydrogen which makes water
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