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Reconstruction was a success in that it restored the United States as a unified nation: by 1877, all of the former Confederate states had drafted new Reconstruction also finally constitutions, acknowledged the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth their loyalty to the U.S. government. settled the states’ rights vs. federalism debate that had Amendments, and pledged been an issue since the 1790s.
Reconstruction failed by most other measures: Radical Republican legislation ultimately failed to protect federalism former slaves from white persecution and failed to engender fundamental changes to the social fabric of the South. When President Rutherford B. federalism debate that had been an issue since the 1790s almost mediately . Hayes removed federal troops from the South in 1877, former Confederate officials and slave returned to With the support of a conservative Supreme Court, these newly empowered white southern politicians passed black codes, voter qualifications, and other anti-progressive legislation to reverse the rights that blacks had gained during Radical Reconstruction. The U.S. Supreme Court bolstered this anti-progressive movement federalism with decisions in the Slaughterhouse Cases, the Civil Rights Cases, and United States v.
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