The electrochemical proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is used to drive ATP synthesis in the critical process of oxidative phosphorylation.
This is made possible by the membrane-bound enzyme ATP synthase.
The electrons flow through the electron transport chain, causing protons to be pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space. Eventually, the electrons are passed to oxygen, which combines with protons to form water.
The electrochemical gradient generated by proton pumping provides energy required for the transport of these molecules and other metabolites that need to be concentrated within mitochondria.
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