Membrane anchors are the hydrophobic groups that are covalently attached to proteins and tether them to the membrane.
Proteins are bound to membranes by different mechanisms. Some proteins are bound because the hydrophobic regions of the polypeptide chain cross the lipid bilayer several times, and therefore a substantial part of the protein is actually located within the hydrophobic interior of the bilayer (see membrane proteins).
Other proteins have a much weaker association with the membrane, using a relatively small membrane anchor for attachment. Depending on the particular protein, this membrane anchor can be a single hydrophobic segment spanning the membrane of the polypeptide, or a variety of different lipids covalently attached to specific sites in the polypeptide chain.
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