Option a. realism is not included in Perry's stages of cognitive and moral development. So option a. realism is the correct option of the given statement.
William Perry's plan is the result of a lifetime spent researching the cognitive and ethical growth of undergraduate students. He suggests that people, including college students, "travel" through four key stages of moral and intellectual development: from dualism to plurality to relativism to commitment.
College students, according to Perry's (1968) theory, can advance (travel) through nine positions (perspectives) of intellectual and ethical development. As they progress toward more sophisticated ways of thinking about the world, their majors, and themselves, the features of the students' approach toward learning are described.
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