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FRENCH REVOLUTION
1830
The 1830 Revolution signified the transition from one constitutional monarchy under the revived House of Bourbon to another, the July Monarchy. The transfer of power from the House of Bourbon to its cadet branch, the House of Orléans; and the substitution of the principle of hereditary right with that of democratic representation.
1848
The 1848 Revolution in social and political unrest in France ignited revolutions, which in turn encouraged revolts throughout Europe. Workers were laid off, the price of bread increased, and the populace accused the government of corruption. Finally, French rebels established a republic.
Still in 1848, for other European, Nationalist fervor inspired Hungarians, Germans, and others to demand their own nation-states. In the Austrian Empire and in Germany, revolutions broke out against the status quo. These movements forced rulers to agree to some changes, such as the end of serfdom in the Austrian Empire.
The causes of the revolutions were widespread unhappiness with the political leadership, the demand for more involvement and democracy, the demands of the working classes, and the rise of nationalism.
Long-term effects included the rise of nationalism throughout Europe and the instigation of similar revolutions in Germany and Austria. However, the immediate effect was the election of the new Napoleon and the establishment of a 4 years republican government.
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