The labor supply will decrease, leading to higher wages and fewer hours for trainers to hire.
When the labor supply curve rises, the substitution effect dominates the income effect. His other three questions concern factors leading to shifts in the labor supply curve. In all three cases the situation implies that the labor supply curve shifts to the left. For example, when the real wage rate rises, the opportunity cost of leisure increases. This tends to encourage workers to provide more labor (the "substitution effect"). But even if the real wage rate rises, workers still earn more for a given number of hours.
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