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Given the lack of a bill of rights, the Anti-Federalists opposed the adoption of the 1787 U.S. Constitution because they believed the new national government would be overly strong and jeopardise individual liberty.

What was Anti-Federalism?

The political movement known as anti-federalism, which first opposed the passage of the 1787 Constitution before becoming opposed to the establishment of a more powerful U.S. federal government, emerged in the late 18th century. State governments were given additional power under the previous constitution, known as the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. Anti-Federalists, led by Virginia's Patrick Henry, were concerned that the presidency, which was still innovative at the time, may turn into a monarchy. The Bill of Rights was passed thanks in part to anti-federalist pressure even though the Constitution was approved and replaced the Articles of Confederation.

The term "Anti-Federalists" is inaccurate. The Federalists, who opposed the movement, forced it on them in an effort to portray them as individuals who "stood against the very political beliefs they accepted." historian Carol Berkin claims:

However, choosing to refer to themselves as "Federalists" and their cause as "Federalism" was maybe the nationalists' most creative strategy in the forthcoming intellectual conflict. Federalists were obviously not at all among the guys who created the Constitution. They were proponents of a powerful central government whose power limited the autonomy of the states. [...] The pro-Constitution forces prevented their opponents from making their positions known loudly and swiftly by co-opting the term "Federalists."

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Why were george mason and the anti-federalists unwilling to ratify the constitution before it contained a bill of rights?.