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A teenage boy improves his circumstances through virtuous behavior.

Horatio Alger Jr. was a prolific 19th-century American writer, best known for his numerous young-adult novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble beginnings to lives of middle-class safety and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty. His writings featured a "rags to riches" narrative that had a formative effect on America during the Gilded Age. All of Alger's juvenile novels share essentially the same theme: a teenage boy improves his circumstances through virtuous behavior. There is a "Horatio Alger myth" that a boy gets rich through hard work, but this is inaccurate. In a continuous succession of books almost alike except for the names of their characters, he preached that by honesty, cheerful perseverance, and hard work, the poor but virtuous boy would receive a just reward—though the reward was almost always hastened by the stroke of fortune.

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