If A is a matrix, its projection onto its column space is always represented by the matrix P=A(AA)1A. This simplifies to AA in the scenario where A is orthogonal.
Orthogonal objects are connected by their perpendicularity to one another in Euclidean geometry. Lines of line segments that cross at a perpendicular angle are said to be connected orthogonally. Similar to this, two vectors are said to be orthogonal if they intersect at a 90-degree angle.
When two systems are orthogonal, they do not impact one another through interaction. At some point or junction, they come together, but other from that, neither system affects the other. Because of this independence, moving, testing, or changing things in one system does not affect components in the other system.
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