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These three movements-temperance, health reforms, and phrenology in the early 19th-century America share a number of common themes. First, the middle classes became more popular with all three groups. Second, America's urban-rural split was a factor in the development of all three movements. Third, race had a part in all three movements.
Both abolition and the temperance movement emerged from the Second Great Awakening. Early in the nineteenth century, temperance evolved from moderate hard liquor consumption to complete abstinence. This reform initiative was resisted by recent urban immigrant groups from Germany and Ireland because it interfered with their cultural experiences, much like prohibition did for immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe in the 20th century. It was believed that alcohol was the root of all urban problems. Similar to other initiatives, the professed goal was barely covered by a racist element.
The Health Reform Movement also focused on the worries of the middle class about cholera and yellow fever spreading in slums populated by recent immigrants due to waste and squalor. The initiative, which promoted slum area cleansing and clean water distribution as a city government service, had some scientific foundations. Once more, the discriminatory presumption was that immigrants would not clean their own neighbourhoods without assistance from the public. The middle class at the time paid for private businesses to transport their carts and trash in clean water. Health reform was spurred by cholera anxiety. That was what the pseudoscience of phrenology claimed. The traits of an individual were defined by their head shape. Racists later used it as evidence for false racial superiority beliefs. As a result, these initiatives helped Americans in the antebellum period establish cultural norms and uphold racial hierarchies as they were.
Therefore, all the three movements helped Americans in the antebellum period define cultural norms and uphold the status quo of racial hierarchy. These initiatives gained popularity among middle-class people and were born out of the urban-rural divide.
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