the gram-negative bacillus shigella dysenteriae, the agent that causes bacillary dysentery, will live and grow inside eukaryotic cells. despite lacking flagella, the organism moves through the cytoplasm of the host cell by polymerizing host actin at one pole of the cell. this action pushes the organism through the cytoplasm with such force that the bacterium will poke into an adjacent cell. you have identified a shigella protein that you think helps mediate actin tail formation and suspect that the protein might localize to one pole of the cell. what biotechnique would you use to test your hypothesis?

Cytoplasmic S. flexneri avoids exposure to extracellular components of the host immune defense by moving by directed actin polymerization, which enables the bacteria to spread to nearby EC. The organisms are propelled through the infected cell's cytoplasm and into neighboring cells with enough force provided by the ongoing assembly of an actin tail. By pushing up against the cell membrane, bacteria like Listeria, Shigella, and Rickettsia create membrane protrusions that allow them to enter neighboring cells.

The neighboring cell absorbs these protrusions, enclosing the bacterium inside a double-membrane-bound vacuole (Fig (Fig.1). 1). By lysing the double membranes, the bacterium is released into the cytoplasm of the neighboring cell.

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