Option c) refers to unemployed workers who are holding out for a job to open up because of wage rigidity.
The concept of wage rigidity, which states that wages cannot be reduced, has significant effects on both the labor markets and macroeconomic performance. However, there is a dearth of empirical data on the scope, reasons for, and effects of pay rigidity at the individual level.
Involuntary unemployment may occur if wages are higher than the market clearing level and rigid downward, that is, if they do not change to reflect changes in supply and demand.
In fact, a tightening monetary policy causes a decrease in activity and a rise in the unemployment rate in a setting of wage rigidity. Prices decreased by 0.02% with a 1% increase in interest rates, but the jobless rate increased by 0.2%.
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