Incorporation is the process used by supreme court to protect the civil liberties found in the Bill of Rights against state or local government abuse.
By using the doctrine of incorporation, the Bill of Rights' provisions have been made relevant to the states under US constitutional law. When the Bill of Rights was passed, the courts determined that its protections solely applied to federal government actions and did not lay any restrictions on the power of state or local governments. The Thirteenth Amendment, which declared the abolition of slavery, began the post-Civil War era in 1865, but it was the inclusion of other amendments that over time granted more rights to the states and people.
With the inclusion of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 and the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, certain parts of the Bill of Rights have gradually been deemed applicable to state and municipal governments.
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