Some materials that pass through the cell membrane to help the cell maintain internal balance are gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Small hydrophobic molecules and gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide cross membranes quickly. Small polar molecules like water and ethanol can also pass through membranes but more slowly.
Materials must pass through the cell membrane. The cell membrane is also called the plasma membrane and it is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and cholesterol.
The structure of the lipid bilayer allows small and uncharged substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide and also hydrophobic molecules such as lipids to pass through the cell membrane, down the concentration gradient by simple diffusion.
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