Helium dominates the middle layer of the star. Hydrogen dominates the star's outer envelope. The star's surface temperature is roughly 3500 degrees Celsius.
- Red giants are many times more bright than the Sun while having an envelope with a lower energy density. Red-giant branch stars have radii up to roughly 200 times that of the Sun (R), luminosities up to over three thousand times that of the Sun (L), spectral types of K or M, and surface temperatures of 3,000–4,000 K.
- The surface temperatures of red giant stars are cooler because their energy is dispersed over a broader region. They only reach 2,200 to 3,200 degrees Celsius / 4,000 to 5,800 degrees Fahrenheit, or just over half as hot as our sun.
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