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Hemoglobin is a complex protein that contains four polypeptide chains. The normal hemoglobin found in adults—called adult hemoglobin—consists of two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains, which are encoded by different loci. Sickle-cell hemoglobin, which causes sickle-cell anemia, arises from a mutation in the beta chain of adult hemoglobin. Adult hemoglobin and sickle-cell hemoglobin differ in a single amino acid: the sixth amino acid from one end in adult hemoglobin is glutamic acid, whereas sickle-cell hemoglobin has valine at this position. After consulting the genetic code provided in Figure 15.10, indicate the type and location of the mutation that gave rise to sickle-cell anemia.

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GAA and GAG are two potential codons for glutamic acid. Codons that encode valine can be created by making a single base substitution in the second position in both codons: GAA-> GUA (Val), (Val) GAG -> GUG (Val)

What occurs if hemoglobin levels are low?

Being anemic, or having low hemoglobin, can make you feel exhausted and frail. Anemia can have many different forms, each with a unique etiology. Anemia can be mild to severe and can be short-term or long-term. Anemia typically has multiple causes.

What hemoglobin level is considered dangerously low?

According to some physicians, hospital patients with hemoglobin levels below 10 g/dL ought to have a blood transfusion. A blood transfusion may not be necessary for many individuals with levels between 7 and 10 g/dL, according to current studies. One blood unit is typically just as effective as two and may even be safer.

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