The option which is not a characteristic of the nineteenth-century symphony is small orchestra with limited winds.
Solo performances and chamber music were popular, and included everything from opera and orchestral arrangements to sentimental love songs and ballads. In the United States, hymns and folk songs by composers such as Stephen Foster (1826–1864) complemented the European repertoire.
The symphony is the ultimate embodiment of the idealistic conception of music as the 'supreme art', a place beyond words and representative images where transcendental feelings find pure and pure expression.
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