By the middle of the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire had gained control over the commercial routes from the eastern Mediterranean to Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and the rest of North Africa.
The Ottoman Empire was established by Turkish tribes in Anatolia (Asia Minor) in the 15th and 16th centuries, and it went on to become one of the most powerful states in history. The Turkish Republic and numerous Middle Eastern and Southeast European successor republics took its place when the Ottoman Empire, which existed for more than 600 years, suddenly came to an end in 1922.
The first stage of Ottoman history, which was marked by almost constant territorial expansion, saw the expansion of Ottoman sovereignty from a small, northwest Anatolian principality to nearly all of southeastern Europe and Anatolia.
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