For an instruction-cache miss, data-cache miss, or TLB miss, the CPU must visit main memory. The third and easiest scenario is when the desired data is already present in a cache but the data needed for virtual-to-physical translation is not.
The most recent translations from virtual memory to physical memory are kept in a memory cache called a translation lookaside buffer (TLB). It is employed to speed up the process of accessing a user memory location. An address-translation cache is what it is.
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