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Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression followed by periods of abnormally elevated mood lasting from days to weeks. If the elevated mood is severe or associated with psychosis, it is referred to as mania; if it is milder, it is referred to as hypomania.
During mania, a person acts or feels abnormally energetic, happy, or irritable, and they frequently make rash decisions with little regard for the consequences. During manic phases, there is usually a reduced need for sleep. During depressive episodes, the individual may cry, have a negative outlook on life, and make poor eye contact with others.
The mainstay of long-term pharmacologic relapse prevention is lithium and certain anticonvulsants such as valproate and carbamazepine, as well as atypical antipsychotics such as aripiprazole. Antipsychotics are also used during acute manic episodes and when mood stabilizers are either poorly tolerated or ineffective. Long-acting injectable formulations are available for patients who are concerned about compliance.
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