The nitrogen produced when muscles break down amino acids for energy is transaminated to pyruvate to create alanine. The alanine transaminase (ALT) enzyme does this by converting L-glutamate and pyruvate into -ketoglutarate and L-alanine.
Pyruvic acid is transformed into acetyl coenzyme A, which enters the Krebs cycle, an energy-producing mechanism, if oxygen is present. Lactic acid is produced when pyruvic acid is depleted of oxygen. The body also uses this substance to create alanine. Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that cells employ to convert the pyruvic acid that glucose produces into lactic acid and energy. Pyruvate and branched chain amino acids like valine, leucine, and isoleucine can be used to make alanine. Pyruvate is reductively aminated in two steps to yield alanine. Glutamate dehydrogenase converts -ketoglutarate, ammonia, and NADH into glutamate, NAD+, and water in the first step.
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