Fundamentally, atoms are attempting to achieve the most stable (lowest-energy) state possible. When an atom's valence shell is fully populated with electrons or when they comply with the octet rule, a large number of them become stable (by having eight valence electrons).
What are electrons?
It is possible for an electron to be free or linked to an atom. An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle (not bound). One of the three main types of particles inside an atom, along with protons and neutrons, is an electron that is linked to the atom. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Just one electron and one proton are present in the hydrogen atom, for instance. On the other hand, the uranium atom possesses 92 protons, which means 92 electrons.
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