Second messengers accelerate the process of intracellular signaling and enhance the signal that was sent in the first place.
Small chemicals and ions known as second messengers transmit signals from cell-surface receptors to effector proteins. They include a broad range of chemical species and possess a variety of characteristics that enable them to communicate inside membranes (for example, hydrophobic molecules like lipids and lipid derivatives), within the cytoplasm (for example, polar molecules like nucleotides and ions), or between the two (e.g., gases and free radicals).
Second messengers' quick propagation and amplification of signals received at the cell surface to intracellular target molecules in the cytosol or nucleus is a crucial benefit. It takes microseconds to seconds for second messenger levels to rise and start having an impact since they are regulated by quick kinetics.
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