The primary distinction between glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids is that whereas ketogenic amino acids can be turned into acetyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA, glucogenic amino acids can only be transformed into pyruvate or other glucose precursors.
Upon deamination, gluconeogenic amino acids produce "amphibolic" intermediates that enter the TCA and may either be oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water or take the opposite route to produce glucose or glycogen. Deamination of ketogenic amino acids results in ketoacidosis, which undergoes the "acetoacetate" stage of oxidation before being converted to water and carbon dioxide. Both glucose and ketone bodies are produced by amino acids that fall under the criteria of being both glucogenic and ketogenic.
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