Option C, To determine if there is a difference between state & out-of-state students in the mean daily time spent on emails, the p-value is 0.68.
The p-value again for the permutation test is 0.68 based on the supplied data and the methods that were outlined. This suggests that the chance of detecting a difference in means as great as or larger than the one found in the sample is 0.68 if there is no variation in the average duration of time spent on emails per day comparing in-state and out-of-state students.
It's vital to understand that the p-value, which measures the probability of witnessing the observed findings or more extreme outcomes under the premise that the null hypothesis is true, rather than the strength of the evidence supporting the alternative hypothesis. The p-value should be compared to a predetermined significance threshold, and the test findings must be evaluated in light of the research issue being addressed, to conclude the data as well as the hypotheses being tested.
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