The subscript in alpha radiation stands for the charge on the nucleus (i.e., the quantity of protons or atomic number, also known as the Z number), and the superscript is the mass number.
In beta radiation, the particle's charge is indicated by the subscript -1, and its almost completely absent mass is indicated by the superscript 0. (no protons or neutrons). The radioactive thorium-234 nucleus is another illustration.
While alpha and beta particles have positive and negative charges, respectively, gamma rays are neutral. An alpha particle is created when two protons and two neutrons come together. Beta particles are high-energy electrons. Photons, which are electromagnetic energy waves, are gamma rays.
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