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According to this finding, low-carbon steels with grain sizes of 6.3 mm or more show complete brittle fracture even at 196 °C, while those with grain sizes of 4.3 mm or less show complete ductile fracture.
A notched bar is broken in a pendulum-style impact tester to determine the ductile/brittle transition temperature for every specific steel sample. The energy absorbed during the fracture is then calculated. Steel 1045 specimens break apart when the temperature drops below zero and display brittle-like fracture (specimens 1 to 4 from -200oC to 0.0oC), however when the temperature rises, the specimens display ductile-like fracture (specimens 5 to 7 from 24oC to 100oC). Mild steel is malleable and ductile because it contains between 0.05 and 0.30 percent carbon. This steel has low carbon, with a carbon concentration of about 0.3%, making it neither overly brittle nor overly ductile. It is utilized practically everywhere since it is in the middle, which strikes a good balance.
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