Isomerization of 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal,Activation of a G-protein: transducin,Activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase,Decreased levels of cGMP inside the cell,Closure of CNG channels,Cessation of the dark current and cell hyperpolarization,Decreased release of glutama
Visual transduction begins with the capture of a photon and ends with the relay of the signal to the next cell(s) in line. Match the stimulus with the appropriate photoreceptor response.The outer segment houses the molecular machinery responsible for capturing photons of light that impinge upon the retina. The outer segment membranes contain a light-absorbing protein called opsin which is tethered to a molecule of vitamin A.The axons of olfactory nerves originating from cell bodies in the olfactory epithelium terminate at the olfactory bulb, where they converge with the dendrites of mitral and tufted cells in small clusters called glomeruli.Visual signals leave the cones and rods, travel to the bipolar cells, and then to ganglion cells. A large degree of processing of visual information occurs in the retina itself, before visual information is sent to the brain. Photoreceptors in the retina continuously undergo tonic activity.
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