Three categories of proteins are needed for basal transcription of protein-encoding genes in eukaryotes are:
RNA polymerase II
general transcription factors
mediator
Depending on the gene being transcribed, one of three types of polymerases is used during transcription in eukaryotes. All of the protein-coding genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, whereas rRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase I, and rRNA, tRNA, and short nuclear RNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III. In order to start transcription in eukaryotes, a number of transcription factors must bind to intricate promoter sequences that are typically found upstream of the gene being copied. The FACT complex moves and reassembles nucleosomes as the polymerase passes by during the 5' to 3' mRNA synthesis process. Contrary to RNA polymerases I and III, which stop transcription using protein- or RNA hairpin-dependent mechanisms, RNA polymerase II continues transcription for 1,000 or more more nucleotides before cleaving the extra ones.
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