Impedance is an AC property of a circuit that may change depending on the frequency of operation. Typically, it is expressed as Z = R - j/C + jL, where = 2f.
Impedance is a helpful concept in a variety of engineering fields, particularly for studying electrical circuits with sinusoidal applied voltages or currents. Impedance (Z), which is written as a complex number, i.e. Z = R + jX, communicates a component's resistance to both direct current and alternating current. An ideal resistor has an impedance equal to its resistance, where the imaginary component is 0 and the real component is the resistance.
Any form of resistance adds up in series: ZTotal = Z1, Z2, Z3, etc. Although impedances are added in series, because inductive and capacitive impedances in series tend to cancel one another out, the total impedance for a circuit with inductance and capacitance may be smaller than one or more of the individual impedances.
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