The correct answer is: "civil rights and feminism".
Affirmative action consits on the implementation of policies which clearly benefit a specific social group, as a manner of compensating for previous discriminatory practices. Such actions have been adopted to ensure that women and black citizens are equally treated also in practice, after the enactment of inclusive laws.
For example of affirmative action would be the establishment of quotas in public schools when segregation was outlawed, so that reluctant schools were forced to accept a certain proportion of black students.
