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Immune response

Women have stronger immune responses to infections and vaccinations. This is due to the role of sex hormones, particularly estrogen, in the adaptive immune response.

Fat distribution

Females carry more subcutaneous fat and males carry more visceral fat. This affects the correlation between insulin and leptin levels, which are important adiposity hormones.

GH levels

GH levels are higher in females than in males, and they fluctuate according to the phase of the menstrual cycle and depending on the menopausal state.