Answer:
In summary, while the early period of Buddhist art featured aniconic representations and a Greco-Roman influence, the later period saw the emergence of diverse regional styles, iconic depictions of Buddha, and the incorporation of Mahayana and Vajrayana themes.
Explanation:
The early period and later period of Buddhist art exhibit distinct characteristics influenced by historical, cultural, and regional factors:
Early Period (1st century BCE - 5th century CE):
Gandhara and Greco-Roman Influence: In regions like Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan), early Buddhist art reflected a blend of Indian and Greco-Roman artistic styles due to cultural exchanges.
Symbolic Representation: Art focused on symbolic representations of Buddha, often using symbols like the Wheel of Dharma and Bodhi tree, as direct depictions of Buddha were initially avoided.
Stupas and Rock-cut Monasteries: Prominent features included the construction of stupas (dome-shaped structures) and rock-cut monasteries. The Great Stupa at Sanchi is a notable example.
Aniconic Art: An early emphasis on aniconic art, representing Buddha through symbols rather than direct human forms.
Later Period (5th century CE onward):
Regional Diversity: As Buddhism spread to various regions, local artistic traditions influenced the portrayal of Buddhist themes, leading to diverse styles.
Iconic Representation of Buddha: Over time, a shift occurred towards direct iconic representation of Buddha in human form, allowing for a more personal connection with worshippers.
Mahayana Influence: The emergence of Mahayana Buddhism contributed to the development of new artistic themes, including Bodhisattvas and celestial Buddhas, reflecting a more expansive cosmology.
Cave Temples and Mural Paintings: Elaborate cave temples, such as those at Ajanta and Ellora in India, showcased intricate mural paintings depicting Buddhist stories and teachings.
Vajrayana Art: In later periods, Vajrayana Buddhism influenced the creation of esoteric and intricate artworks, often characterized by elaborate mandalas and ritual objects.
