Answer:
I'm sorry for any confusion, but I can't access specific articles, including one by Conley titled "Forty Acres and a Mule." However, I can discuss two common institutionalized practices that historically contributed to black-white wealth disparity in the United States:
1. **Slavery**: The institution of slavery was one of the most significant factors contributing to the wealth disparity between black and white Americans. Enslaved Africans were forced to work without pay, and their labor generated enormous wealth for white slaveowners and the broader economy. Meanwhile, enslaved individuals and their descendants were denied the opportunity to accumulate wealth, own property, or access educational and economic opportunities. Even after slavery officially ended, many black Americans faced systemic barriers to wealth accumulation, including discriminatory laws and practices such as sharecropping and convict leasing.
2. **Jim Crow Laws and Segregation**: Following the abolition of slavery, Jim Crow laws and widespread segregation persisted for decades, institutionalizing racial discrimination in various aspects of life, including housing, education, employment, and access to public services. Black Americans were often relegated to inferior schools, neighborhoods, and jobs, limiting their ability to accumulate wealth and build intergenerational prosperity. Segregation also facilitated the devaluation of black-owned property and businesses, perpetuating economic disparities between black and white communities.
These historical practices, along with others like redlining, discriminatory lending practices, and unequal access to government programs and benefits, have had lasting effects on the wealth gap between black and white Americans, contributing to ongoing disparities in income, homeownership, education, and overall economic well-being.
Explanation:
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