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There are two main types of sonnets. 
Petrarchan and Shakespearean. 

Petrarchan begins with a octave (eight lines that set up the issue at hand), and ends with a sestet (six lines usually a resolution). 

Shakespearean begin with three quatrains, which develop three similar ideas and end with a couplet.
holesstanham

Answer:

quatrain; couplet

Explanation:

A Shakespearean sonnet begins with a quatrain and ends with a couplet. This type of sonnet is comprised of three quatrains and a couplet. Moreover, they have a rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg. This type of poem is also called English sonnet. Although it receives Shakespeare's name, many authors used this form before Shakespeare.