e) mass defect
This is so because the mass defect is the difference between the particles of the nucleous weight and the nucleous itself. According to the equation E=mc^2, the mass defect is related the the binding theory. In order to calculate the mass defect of an atom you need to add up the masses of each proton and each of neutron that are present in the nucleus and then you substract the actual mass of the nucleus from the combined mass.
