In general terms, monarchs in early England, France, and the HolyRoman Empire consolidated their power in at least the followingways: First, they solidified the support of noble families smalland large, whether through intimidation, placation, or somecombination. Second, they levied taxes or otherwise ensuredsufficient revenue to support the monarchy in peace and in war.Third, they established (or, more firmly established) connectionswith Church authorities. Finally, they constructed fortifications,established garrisons, and otherwise exerted a military presence intheir territory.
