secondary active transport across a membrane refers to (option b) the movement of a molecule across a membrane and against its concentration gradient powered by an ion gradient that is created by a different transporter.
A transporter protein couples the movement of an ion (typically Na+ or H+) down its electrochemical gradient with the uphill movement of another molecule or ion against a concentration/electrochemical gradient in secondary active transport across a biological membrane. As a result, another solute is transported against a concentration or electrochemical gradient by using energy stored in the ion's electrochemical gradient.
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