Enhancers can affect transcription because proteins bound to enhancers interact with proteins bound to promoters through DNA looping out.
Enhancers are short regions of DNA (50-1500 bp) that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood of transcription of a particular gene. These proteins are usually referred to as transcription factors.
Enhancers can be thousands of nucleotides away from the promoter they interact with, but they are brought nearby by DNA loops. This loop is the result of interactions between proteins bound to the enhancer and those bound to the promoter.
The enhancer acts in a cis (cis acting) position. They can be found up to 1 Mbp (1,000,000 bp) from a gene, upstream or downstream from the starting site. There are hundreds of thousands of enhancers in the human genome. They are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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