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The four main abnormalities in tetralogy of Fallot are Stenosis of the pulmonary valve (pulmonic stenosis), ventricular septal defect, Dislocation of aorta and right ventricular hypertrophy.
Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare condition caused by a combination of four (congenital) heart defects present at birth and they affect the structure of the heart for they cause deoxygenated blood to flow from the heart to the rest of the body. Infants and children with tetralogy of Fallot usually have bluish skin because their blood cannot carry enough oxygen.
All babies with tetralogy of Fallot require corrective surgery. People with tetralogy of Fallot must have regular physical examinations throughout their lives and may have limited activities.
Explanation of the four defects
- Stenosis of the pulmonary valve (pulmonic stenosis). When the valve that separates the right ventricle (right ventricle) from the main blood vessel to the lungs (pulmonary artery) narrows, blood flow to the lungs is reduced. Stenosis can also affect the muscles under the pulmonary valve. The pulmonary valve may not form properly (pulmonary atresia).
- Hole between the lower chambers of the heart (ventricular septal defect). A ventricular septal defect is a hole in the wall (septum) that separates her two lower chambers (left and right ventricles) of the heart. This hole allows deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to mix with oxygenated blood from the left ventricle. This leads to inefficient blood flow and reduces the body's supply of oxygen-rich blood. A defect can eventually weaken the heart.
- Dislocation of the main artery (aorta) of the body. The aorta normally branches off from the left ventricle. In tetralogy of Fallot, the aorta is in the wrong position. It is deviated to the right and is directly above the hole in the heart wall (ventricular septal defect). As a result, the aorta receives a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from both the right and left ventricles of the heart.
- Thickening of the right lower ventricle of the heart (right ventricular hypertrophy). When the heart's pumping capacity becomes overloaded, the muscle wall of the right ventricle thickens. Over time, this can cause the heart to stiffen, weaken, and eventually stop working.
Read more about congenital anomalies at:
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