We now believe these were optical illusions responsible for the canals observed on mars in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
It is now known that the canals of Mars, which seemed like systems of long, straight linear lines on the surface of Mars, are illusions brought on by the accidental alignment of craters and other natural surface features visible in telescopes close to their resolution limit. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they generated a lot of debate and influenced how people thought about the potential of life outside of Earth.
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